从最新的国际电联2019大会(WRC-19)可以看到,在新提出的Sub-10GHz频段(主要为WRC-19提出的6425-7025MHz,7025-7125MHz以及10000-10500MHz频段)上,业界已经开始研究1024乃至更多的天线单元。
5G的毫米波频段,最多已经有上万个天线单元的方案提出。在终端侧,华为最新发布的5G手机,已经有21根天线,其中5G天线已经有十四根。而4G时代的手机终端,天线数目从来没有达到两位数。



天线数目的激增,结合实际应用场景中天线有限的物理空间,就造成了一个进退两难的困境,一方面天线数目及其工作频段增多已成必然,另一方面安装天线的物理口径不增反降。这就使得天线本身的设计尺寸受到压缩,天线之间的间距和耦合受到挑战。同时还要考虑到具体天线载体的形态和对天线的要求逐渐演进, 以及新加入的5G各频段与原始2/3/4G频段和Wi-Fi等频段的共存等问题。具体来说:
(1)


图2(a):4G和5G基站共站方案下的4G和5G基站天线
图2(b):5G不同频段的基站天线
图2(c):5G基站天线需要通过阵元间距的缩减实现整个阵面的缩减
- 多频多天线共口径:具体来说,实现690-960MHz,1710-2700MHz,3300-5000MHz乃至新的Sub-10GHz频段的多天线共口径。
- 紧凑阵列设计,实现宽度大幅度缩减,以便缩小整个基站天线的阵面和风阻系数以及天线的体积和重量,如图2(c):具体来说,这包括天线单元本身的小型化设计和各天线单元之间的去耦合/隔离设计。
- 新体制天线技术:针对未来B5G乃至6G技术的演进,采用新的工作体制,解决现有天线存在的口径和数目的制约以及空间路径的损耗问题
(2)
在终端侧,针对金属边框,折叠屏,以及5G各种频段的应用,天线需要应对以下挑战:
- 在更为极致环境和形态下,实现手机天线,例如“负净空”天线、金属边框天线以及全面屏天线设计;
- 折叠屏手机的天线设计问题,在各种折叠状态下保持天线的性能以及考虑人手握持后的天线性能保持;
- 多个5G MIMO天线的去耦合设计以及5G新频段与现有3/4G频段的共存问题(Co-existence),如图3所示:
- 新的终端形态比如眼镜、自动驾驶汽车对天线提出新的要求和挑战。这类设备对天线的要求与手机的要求截然不同。

(3)
- 新频段Sub-10GHz以及毫米波的传播特性与4G频段有着截然不同的特性,直接影响着天线的形态和性能;
- 天线形态的改变,例如超大规模的Massive MIMO,以及新体制的天线形态,具有新的传播特点和信道分布,并最终影响系统的吞吐率、可靠性和时延;
- 终端天线需要考虑信道分布,人体影响,在合适的场景下具有特定的性能,以满足不同应用场景的需求;
实际上,对于海量的万物互联,也会存在有限空间内多设备多天线并发的互相干扰问题。一辆汽车上目前已经集成安装了四十几根天线,将来随着车联网应用的进一步普及,汽车这种新型终端同样也会遇到多天线的挑战。
在相关的军事应用上,同样也存在着多天线耦合干扰的问题,比如由于耦合造成的紧耦合宽带阵列的有源驻波,随着扫描角波动严重;相控阵由于天线间耦合造成的波束扫描角度受限甚至造成扫描盲区;综合射频桅杆上多种功能天线之间的电磁耦合造成的电磁兼容等等问题。
在下篇的文章中,我们将针对不同的挑战提出相应的解决方案。
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